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Table of Contents

1. AB-FUBINACA: A Novel Synthetic Cannabinoid Compound
2. Chemistry
3. Pharmacology
4. Physical Effects
5. Cognitive Effects
6. Toxicity and Harm Potential
7. Tolerance and Addiction Potential
8. Dangerous Interactions
9. Legal Status

AB-FUBINACA: A Novel Synthetic Cannabinoid Compound

Development and Discovery

AB-FUBINACA, a novel synthetic cannabinoid compound, was originally formulated by Pfizer in 2009 with intentions for analgesic purposes, yet it was not further pursued for human application. However, in 2012, its presence surfaced in synthetic cannabis blends in Japan. This revelation coincided with the identification of a related compound, AB-PINACA, which had not been previously reported.

Pharmacological Properties

Cannabinoids, including AB-FUBINACA, typically induce cannabis-like effects upon administration. Commonly smoked or vaporized for a rapid onset and offset of effects, AB-FUBINACA demonstrates oral activity when dissolved in lipids, potentially prolonging its duration of action significantly. Unlike cannabis, it exhibits insolubility in water but dissolves in ethanol and lipids, facilitating its administration in various forms.

Health Considerations and Risks

Despite its pharmacological similarities to cannabis, the chronic abuse of synthetic cannabinoids, including AB-FUBINACA, has been associated with numerous deaths and heightened toxicity. Unlike natural cannabis, synthetic variants may produce more dangerous side effects, emphasizing the importance of caution when consuming such substances. Prolonged usage or high doses of AB-FUBINACA are strongly discouraged due to these potential risks.

Chemistry

Structure of AB-FUBINACA

AB-FUBINACA, chemically known as N-[(1S)-1-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-methylpropyl]-1-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide, is categorized as a synthetic indazolecarboxamide drug due to its composition. The molecule features a substituted indazole core, with a 4-substituted fluorophenyl group attached to the indazole core through a methyl group at R1. Additionally, the indazole is substituted at R3 with a carboxamide group, with its terminal amine bonded to a substituted propyl chain. This propyl chain comprises an aminocarbonyl group at R1 and a methyl group at R2.

Pharmacology

Binding Profile and Mechanism of Action

Though AB-FUBINACA has not undergone formal studies, structural analysis suggests that it shares a binding profile similar to other cannabinoids and exhibits properties akin to Δ9-THC. It is presumed that AB-FUBINACA exerts its effects through full agonism of both the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors, with some preference for CB2. However, the precise mechanisms underlying these interactions and their contribution to the cannabinoid high remain poorly understood.

Subjective Effects

Disclaimer: The following effects are derived from the Subjective Effect Index (SEI), which relies on anecdotal user reports and personal analyses from contributors to PsychonautWiki. While informative, these effects should be approached with caution.

It's important to note that these effects may not manifest predictably or consistently, with higher doses increasing the likelihood of experiencing the full spectrum of effects. Moreover, higher doses also heighten the risk of adverse effects, including addiction, severe injury, or even fatality.

Dosage

Threshold

The threshold dosage for AB-FUBINACA is reported to be less than 1 milligram.

Light

A light dose of AB-FUBINACA typically ranges between 1 to 2 milligrams.

Common

A common dose of AB-FUBINACA falls within the range of 2 to 3 milligrams.

Strong

At a strong dosage, AB-FUBINACA is typically administered between 3 to 5 milligrams.

Heavy

Heavy dosages of AB-FUBINACA exceed 5 milligrams.

Physical Effects

Sedation

The effects of AB-FUBINACA on energy levels typically lean towards sedation. Users may feel inclined to relax, and at higher doses, may even experience drowsiness or fall asleep. However, this sedative effect can be countered by engaging in physical activities.

Spontaneous Physical Sensations

The "body high" induced by AB-FUBINACA often manifests as a warm, soft, and pleasurable tingling sensation that envelops the body following ingestion. This sensation tends to intensify rapidly upon onset, reaching its peak before gradually subsiding. At higher doses, this sensation may become uncomfortably intense.

Motor Control Loss

AB-FUBINACA can lead to partial to moderate suppression of motor control, with the degree of impairment escalating with dosage. However, it rarely results in a complete inability to walk or perform basic movements.

Appetite Enhancement

Similar to many other cannabinoids, AB-FUBINACA is associated with an increase in appetite, colloquially known as "the munchies." Research suggests that cannabinoids, including AB-FUBINACA, can enhance food enjoyment and stimulate interest in food intake, possibly due to the activation of cannabinoid receptors in the hypothalamus responsible for regulating food intake.

Changes in Felt Gravity

Users of AB-FUBINACA may experience vertigo, characterized by a sensation of the environment spinning or oscillating. At moderate doses, individuals may also perceive sensations of falling, which can be overwhelming.

Perception of Bodily Sensations

AB-FUBINACA may induce alterations in the perception of bodily heaviness or lightness, contributing to a sense of physical disorientation or weightlessness.

Other Physical Effects

• Dehydration
• Dry mouth
• Nausea

Visual Effects

Recursion

Users may experience recursive visual patterns or imagery while under the influence of AB-FUBINACA.

Visual Haze

A haze or blurring of vision may occur, affecting the clarity of visual perception.

Geometry

The perception of geometric patterns or shapes may be enhanced or distorted during AB-FUBINACA intoxication.

Cognitive Effects

Anxiety

Some users may experience feelings of anxiety while under the influence of AB-FUBINACA, particularly at higher doses or with prolonged use.

Paranoia

High doses or chronic administration of AB-FUBINACA, like other cannabinoids, can induce feelings of paranoia.

Thought Connectivity

AB-FUBINACA may enhance the connectivity between thoughts, leading to a heightened sense of association or interconnectedness.

Thought Deceleration

Users may perceive a slowing down of thought processes, characterized by a reduction in the speed of cognitive functions.

Conceptual Thinking

The ability to engage in abstract or conceptual thinking may be influenced by AB-FUBINACA, with users experiencing alterations in their thought patterns.

Analysis Suppression

AB-FUBINACA may suppress the ability to analyze information or situations critically.

Dream Suppression

The use of AB-FUBINACA may inhibit the occurrence or recall of dreams during sleep.

Immersion Enhancement

Some individuals may experience an intensification of immersion in sensory experiences or activities while under the influence of AB-FUBINACA.

Psychosis

Prolonged usage of synthetic cannabinoids like AB-FUBINACA may elevate the risk of psychosis, particularly among individuals predisposed to psychotic illnesses such as schizophrenia or those with a family history of such conditions.

Personal Meaning Enhancement

AB-FUBINACA may enhance the personal significance or meaning attributed to thoughts, experiences, or emotions.

Increased Music Appreciation

Users may perceive an enhanced appreciation for music while under the influence of AB-FUBINACA.

Auditory Effects

Auditory Distortion

AB-FUBINACA can cause distortions in auditory perception, altering the way sounds are perceived.

Auditory Hallucination

In some cases, AB-FUBINACA may induce auditory hallucinations, wherein individuals perceive sounds or voices that are not actually present.

Toxicity and Harm Potential

Lack of Scientific Study

The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational AB-FUBINACA use have not been extensively studied in scientific contexts, and the precise toxic dosage remains unknown due to its limited history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence suggests that trying AB-FUBINACA at low to moderate doses sparingly may not lead to significant negative health effects, but caution is advised. However, overdose can result in physical discomfort, including symptoms such as heart palpitations, vertigo, and sedation, potentially leading to anxiety or unconsciousness. Notably, AB-FUBINACA has been associated with hospitalizations and fatalities.

Mental Health Risks

Individuals with severe pre-existing mental conditions are advised against ingesting synthetic cannabinoids like AB-FUBINACA due to their potential to exacerbate current states of mind and emotions. Prolonged usage may also increase the risk of mental illness and psychosis, particularly among vulnerable individuals with a history of psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia.

Precautions and Harm Reduction

Given that synthetic cannabinoids are active in the milligram range, it is crucial to exercise proper precautions when dosing to prevent adverse reactions. It is strongly recommended to practice harm reduction strategies when using this drug.

Tolerance and Addiction Potential

Chronic use of AB-FUBINACA can lead to moderate addiction potential, with some users developing psychological dependence. Tolerance to its effects typically develops with prolonged and repeated use, requiring users to increase doses to achieve desired effects. Withdrawal symptoms and cravings may occur upon cessation of usage.

Dangerous Interactions

Combining AB-FUBINACA with certain substances can pose significant risks, potentially leading to dangerous or life-threatening outcomes. Stimulants like amphetamines and cocaine can increase anxiety levels and the risk of negative experiences when used alongside AB-FUBINACA. It is essential to conduct thorough research to ensure the safety of combining substances.

Legal Status

Internationally, AB-FUBINACA is classified as a Schedule II controlled substance under the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances. Its legal status varies across countries, with some, like China, Germany, Latvia, Poland, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States, imposing strict regulations or outright bans on its manufacture, possession, distribution, and use.

Legal Status (Continued)

• China: AB-FUBINACA is a controlled substance in China as of October 2015.

• Germany: Controlled under Anlage II BtMG (Narcotics Act, Schedule II) in Germany since December 13, 2014. It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure, or dispense without a license.

• Latvia: Classified as a Schedule I drug in Latvia.

• Poland: Listed under the II-P group as of March 11, 2021. Ownership, possession, and sale are prohibited in Poland.

• Switzerland: AB-FUBINACA is named specifically under Verzeichnis E as a controlled substance in Switzerland.

• United Kingdom: Classified as a Class B controlled substance under the third-generation synthetic cannabinoids generic definition, effective December 14, 2016. It is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import.

• United States: Designated as a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States in January

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

1. What is AB-FUBINACA?

AB-FUBINACA is a synthetic cannabinoid compound initially developed by Pfizer in 2009. It shares structural similarities with cannabinoids found in cannabis and produces similar effects when administered.

2. How does AB-FUBINACA affect the body?

AB-FUBINACA primarily interacts with the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors, leading to a range of physical and cognitive effects such as sedation, enhanced appetite, altered perception, and potential mental health risks.

3. Is AB-FUBINACA safe to use?

The safety of AB-FUBINACA is not well-established, as scientific studies on its toxicity and long-term health effects are limited. Anecdotal evidence suggests that low to moderate doses may not result in significant negative health effects, but overdose can cause discomfort and potentially lead to hospitalization or death.

4. Can AB-FUBINACA lead to addiction?

Chronic use of AB-FUBINACA can be considered moderately addictive, with users developing psychological dependence and tolerance to its effects over time. Withdrawal symptoms and cravings may occur upon cessation of usage.

5. Are there any dangerous interactions with AB-FUBINACA?

Combining AB-FUBINACA with certain substances, particularly stimulants like amphetamines or cocaine, can increase the risk of negative experiences and potentially dangerous outcomes. It is essential to research and exercise caution when combining substances.

6. What is the legal status of AB-FUBINACA?

The legal status of AB-FUBINACA varies by country. It is classified as a controlled substance in many jurisdictions, including the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, China, and Switzerland, with strict regulations on its manufacture, possession, distribution, and use.